Tenses

Nama : Zainurul Hartika
NPM  : 19213655
Kelas  : 4EA25
Tugas ke 2 matkul Bahasa Inggris 2 (Softskill)

1.  Past Tense

The first tense form of the past group is simple past tense with verb 2 (predicate).

·         A past tense verb (verb 2) is used if we want to express an event of a thing, or a message that happened or done at a time ago, just done, earlier, this morning, yesterday, then,etc.

·         Practically, the sentence expressed in it contains the meaning or message "me .., ber ..." (at a certain time).

·         In English, we recognize regular verbs and irregular verbs.

­          On a regular verb, in past tense, we just add suffix -ed, eg played, closed, invited, called, helped, typed, worked, etc.

­          Whereas for irregular verbs, we need to memorize the already standard forms such as wrote, me, made, got, etc.

·         In negative form, used auxiliary words did not, for example did not come ..., did not write ..., didn; t attend ..., etc. Whereas in the interrogative use auxiliary word did or to be were / was, as well as for the sentence asked with 'WH-Question'.

Verb change with auxiliary: can do >> could do, will come >> would come, may do >> might do, have to do >> had to do

·         Adverb/tense indicator for past tense is :

­          Yesterday, this morning, etc.

­          Last week, last Saturday night. Last year, etc.

­          Two days ago, a week ago, etc

­          In 1990, in 1995, after the world war two, etc.

Example :

a)    The weather was very cold yesterday.

b)   Because of the rain, I didn’t come to the birthday party.

c)    What did you do at the office?

d)   Some office clerks came to the meeting at 7:00 A.M yesterday.

e)    Some people were frustrated because their opinions were not heard.

2.  Past Continous Tense

·         The second tense form of the past group is the past continuous tense with the verb ing / verb ing verb formula.

·         The verb-past continuous tense was / was + verb-ing form is used if we want to express a message, activity, or thing that is 'still in progress' at a certain moment in the past.

·         Practically, the sentence expressed in it contains the meaning or message "sedang me .., sedang ber ..." (at that particular moment).

·         Use of be was or were to be adjusted to the sentence subject form

­          Was + verb-ing used for sentences with a single noun subject

­          Were + verb-ing used for sentences with the subject of plural nouns

·         In the form of a negative sentence, we simply add 'not' after be (was no, were not). While in the interrogative (yes / no question), the was / were placed at the beginning of the sentence and in the sentence asked (WH-Qustion) placed after the question before the subject

·         Adverb/tense indicator for past continous tense is:

­          When... Something else happens or is done

­          While... Something else is happening or is being done

­          At this time yesterday, at this time last week, at this time last year, etc.

­          Still...

­          At 8:00 last night, at 7:00 yesterday morning.

Example :

a)    I was still studying in the university this time two years ago.

b)   When the meeting was closed at 8 P.M. yesterday, many newsmen were still sitting around the building.

c)    Julie was not cooking in the kitchen while I was watching television yesterday morning.

d)   Were you reciting Holy Qur’an when I turned  off the lamp?

e)    Were you sweeping the floor at9 o’clock yesterday?

3.  Present Perfect Continous

·         The fourth tense form of the present group is the present perfect continuous tense with the verb has / have been + verb-ing.

·         The verb has / have been + verb-ing form is used if we want to express a message where an activity. Has been in progress or has been done for a certain period of time. The time period is indicated by the first word 'since' or 'for'.

·         In practical terms, the expressed sentence contains a meaning or message “sudah me...selama...” dan “sudah me...sejak...”

·         Auxiliary has/have adjusted to the sentence subject form.

­          Has been verb-ing -> The subject of a single sentence

­          Have been verb-ing -> The subject of a plural sentence

·         For a negative sentence form, "not" is added so that it becomes has / have not. While for the interrogative sentence, has / have is placed at the beginning of the sentence before the subject, and then followed by been + .verb-ing

·         Tense indicator for present perfect continous is:

­          For one year, for ten year, for....

­          Since the graduated..., since june 1, 2001, since...

Example :

a)    She has been working as a reporter for the New York Times for two years

b)   Have you been learning English for more than five years so far?

c)    Tika and Sulfan have not been loving to read book

d)   Many problems have been being solved with him.

e)    She has not been forcing me to marry him

4.  Present Perfect Tense

·         The third tense form of the present group is the present perfect tense with the typical verb has / have + verb -3.

·         Verb-3 has to be used if we want to disclose an activity, thing, or event that has been done.

·         In practical terms the phrase expressed contained messages or meaning "sudah me ..".

·         Auxiliary "have + verb-3" is used if the subject of the sentence is plural. While "has + verb-3" for a sentence with a single noun subject.

·         For negative sentences, use auxiliary has not / has not or have not / have not + verb-3 meaning "belum me ...". While interrogative, used auxiliary has / have at the beginning of the sentence before the subject, which means "sudahkah ..?"

·         Adverb/tense indicator for present perfect tense is :

­          So far, recently, and already.

­          This month, this week, today, these days,etc

Example :

a)    It has rained much these days.

b)   The manager has met with his staff.

c)    My grand father has just gone away due to an accident.

d)   Have you already finished answering the question?

e)    I am so sleepy, but I have not prayed isya.

5.  Past Perfect Tense

·         The third tense form of the past group is the past perfect tense with the predicate had + verb-3 formula ... (before ... verb-2)

·         A past perfect tense had + verb-3, used when we want to reveal an activity, thing, or message that has been completed before or sometime in a certain time in the past.

·         Practically, the meaning contained in the sentence with the past perfect tense is "sudah selesai me...sebelum/sesudah...saat itu"

­          In the form of a negative sentence, only need to be added 'not'; Had not, for example: had not left the house, had not received, etc. In the form of a negative sentence, only need to be added 'not'; Had not, for example: had not left the house, had not received, etc.

­          While in the interrogative form (yes / no question), 'had' is placed at the beginning of the sentence or placed after the question and before the subject for the sentence asked with 'WH-Qustions'.

·         Adverb/tense indicator for past perfect tense is :

­          Before 1995

­          Before (clause).. e.g. before she left the house

­          After (clause)... e.g. after she had left the house

Example :

a)    After some students had graduated from the university,different companies in the cities recruited them to work in.

b)   She had not been a teacher when she got married

c)    He broken my heart after I had given everything I have

d)   The axhibition had been closed before 12:00 on Saturday last week.

e)    Mrs. Saina had sent me an email before she called me yesterday

6.  Future Tense

·         The first tense form of the futures group is a future tense with variations of the verb formula as follows:

­          Will + verb-1

­          Is going to + verb-1

­          Plan to + verb-1

­          Want to + verb-1

·         The futures form verbs are used if we want to disclose an activity that is still in order to be done or still planned or to reveal the 'thing' that is predicted to happen.

·         Thus the meaning contained in the predicate sentence with this future tense form is "akan me...ingin me...atau merencanakan untuk me..."

­          In the form of a negative sentence we just add "not" after 'will'; Will not / will not, for example will not just stay ..., will not go ..., etc.

­          In the interrogative form, 'will' is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

­          "Will" and "do / does" are placed after the question word and before the subject for the sentence asked with WH-Question.

·         Adverb/tense indicator for future tense is :

­          Tomorrow, next week, next Sunday, etc.

­          After... e.g. after she graduates...

Example :

a)      What will you do when you don’t pass the TOEFL for the first time.

b)      Tika will go call vitun to go to super plaza on Saturday. How about you? What will you do then?

c)      What will the goverment give the people the victims of water pollution?

d)      Nia will follow new fashion.

e)      Angga will sing a song in the class.